Termodinámica: Gases y cambio de fase

Gases y cambio de fase

Índice

1. Gases
2. Gases ideales
3. Titulación
4. Constantes, datos y factores de conversión
5. Respuestas
6. Propiedades del agua saturada
• Tabla de temperaturas SI
• Tabla de presiones SI
• Tabla de temperaturas USCS
• Tabla de presiones USCS

Gases

1. Considere un tanque de volumen $V=50{,}0\ \mt{l}$ que contiene $16{,}9\ \mt{kg}$ de argón cuando la temperatura es de $15{,}0^\circ\mt C$.
   1. Determine la cantidad de sustancia de argón contenida en el tanque y su volumen molar.
   2. Calcule la presión del argón como si fuese un gas ideal.
   Obtenga la presión utilizando las siguientes ecuaciones de estado. En cada caso ¿Cuál es el valor del factor de compresibilidad?
   1. Van der Waals $$\left(p+\frac{a}{{\bar v}^2}\right)(\bar v-b)=RT$$ $a_{_{\ce{Ar}}}=1{,}630\times10^{-2}\ \mt{\frac{Pa\,m^6}{mol^2}}$
      $b_{_{\ce{Ar}}}=3{,}201\times10^{-5}\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{mol}}$
   2. Redlich - Kwong $$\left(p+\frac{a}{\sqrt{T}\,\bar v(\bar v+b)}\right)(\bar v-b)=RT$$ $a_{_{\ce{Ar}}}=0{,}2029\ \mt{\frac{Pa\,m^6\sqrt{K}}{mol^2}}$
      $b_{_{\ce{Ar}}}=2{,}219\times10^{-5}\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{mol}}$

Gases ideales

1. Un tanque contiene un volumen de $0{,}100\ \mt{m^3}$ de gas helio ($\ce{He}$) a $150\ \mt{atm}$
   1. Si el tanque se vacía por completo, calcule cuántos globos puede inflar el tanque si cada globo lleno es una esfera de $0{,}300\ \mt m$ de diámetro a una presión de $1{,}20\ \mt{atm}$.
   2. Si el volumen específico de los globos es de $v=1{,}50\ \mt{m^3/kg}$, obtenga la masa total de helio.
   3. Teniendo en cuenta la pregunta anterior, calcule el volumen molar $\bar v$ de helio en el tanque.
2. En un tanque de $4{,}7\ \mt l$ se tienen $0{,}90\ \mt{kg}$ de oxígeno molecular ($\ce{O2}$) a $0{,}0^\circ\mt C$. Durante un incendio la temperatura del tanque se eleva a $500^\circ\mt C$. Determine
   1. La cantidad de sustancia de oxígeno molecular.
   2. El volumen molar del oxígeno molecular.
   3. La presión antes del incendio.
   4. La presión durante el incendio.
3. Una sala de $24{,}0\ \mt{ft}$ de largo, $18{,}0\ \mt{ft}$ de ancho y $8{,}00\ \mt{ft}$ de alto contiene aire cuya masa molar promedio es de $28{,}97\ \mt{lb_m/lbmol}$. Si la temperatura del cuarto se eleva de $65{,}0^\circ\mt F$ a $80{,}0^\circ\mt F$,
   1. ¿Qué proceso es este?
   2. Obtenga el cambio de volumen que experimenta el aire inicialmente contenido en la sala a $65{,}0^\circ\mt F$.
   3. Calcule la masa del aire que escapará de la sala.
4. A $25{,}0\ \mt{m}$ bajo la superficie del mar ($\rho_\text{mar}=1\,025\ \mt{kg/m^3}$), donde la temperatura es de $5{,}00^\circ\mt C$, un buzo exhala una pequeña burbuja de aire que tiene un volumen de $1{,}00\ \mt{cm^3}$. Si la temperatura en la superficie del mar es igual a $20{,}0^\circ\mt C$ ¿Cuál es el volumen de la burbuja justo antes de que se rompa en la superficie?
5. En el diagrama de Clapeyron ($p\bar v$) se representan cinco procesos $ab$, $bc$, $ad$, $dc$ y $ac$, correspondientes a un gas ideal. Nótese que la línea morada es una isoterma.

   

   1. Esboce los mismos procesos en un diagrama $pT$ y en un diagrama $T\bar v$
   Si $p_a=1{,}00 \times 10^6\ \mt{Pa}$, $p_c=4{,}00 \times 10^5\ \mt{Pa}$, $\bar v_a=2{,}50\ \mt{m^3/kmol}$.
   1. Obtenga todas las coordenadas termodinámicas de los estados $a$, $b$, $c$ y $d$.
   2. Calcule el volumen en el estado $a$, si el sistema consiste en $4{,}00\ \mt{kmol}$ de hidrógeno molecular $\ce{H_2}$.
   3. Encuentre la masa del hidrógeno molecular $\ce{H_2}$.

   Titulación

   1. Determine la fase o fases constituido por $\ce{H_2O}$, localice los estados sobre diagramas $p$ v/s $v$ y $T$ v/s $v$ en las siguientes condiciones
      1. $p = 500\ \mt{kPa}$, $T = 190{,}0^\circ\mt C$.
      2. $p = 5{,}00\ \mt{MPa}$, $T = 263{,}9^\circ\mt C$.
      3. $p = 9{,}30\ \mt{bar}$, $T = 180{,}0^\circ\mt C$.
      4. $p = 18{,}3\ \mt{MPa}$, $T = 120{,}0^\circ\mt C$.
      5. $p = 1{,}50\ \mt{kPa}$, $T = -17{,}3^\circ\mt C$.
      6. $p = 75{,}0\ \mt{psi}$, $T = 307{,}6^\circ\mt F$.
      7. $p = 1{,}08\times 10^4\ \mt{psf}$, $T = 392{,}4^\circ\mt F$.
      8. $p = 350\ \mt{psi}$, $T = 405{,}0^\circ\mt F$.
      9. $p = 98{,}4\ \mt{psi}$, $T = 340{,}0^\circ\mt F$.
      10. $p = 15{,}0\ \mt{psi}$, $T = -10{,}5^\circ\mt F$.

      Indicación: Busque los datos del cambio de fase del agua en las tablas de la sección Propiedades del agua saturada.

   2. Determine el título de las mezclas bifásicas líquido-vapor de:
      1. $\ce{H_2O}$ a $200^\circ\mt C$ con un volumen específico de $9{,}50\times 10^{-2}\ \mt{m^3/kg}$.
      2. Refrigerante 134a a $30{,}0\ \mt{psi}$, con un volumen específico de $1{,}20\ \mt{ft^3/lb_m}$.

      Indicación 1: Revise los datos de la sección Constantes, datos y factores de conversión.

      Indicación 2: El refrigerante 134a es una sutancia química ampliamente usado en la industria. Se trata de $1{,}1{,}1{,}2-$Tetrafluoroetano ($\ce{CH_2FCF_3}$).

   3. El volumen específico de líquido y vapor saturados del nitrógeno a $100\ \mt K$ son, $v_f = 1{,}452\times 10^{-3}\ \mt{m^3/kg}$ y $v_g = 31{,}31\times 10^{-3}\ \mt{m^3/kg}$.
      Determine el título de $22\ \mt{kg}$ de nitrógeno de una mezcla bifásica líquido-vapor a $100\ \mt K$ en un depósito cuyo volumen es $0{,}50\ \mt{m^3}$.
   4. En un depósito cuyo volumen es $0{,}21\ \mt{m^3}$ se almacena amoníaco. Si se halla como líquido saturado a $20^\circ\mt C$, determine
      1. La masa de amoníaco.
      2. La presión del amoníaco.

      Indicación: El amoníaco es un gas incoloro de olor penetrante y desagradable ($\ce{NH_3}$).

   5. Una mezcla bifásica líquido vapor de $\ce{H_2O}$ tiene una temperatura de $500^\circ\mt F$ y un título de $75\%$. Si la mezcla ocupa un volumen de $1{,}80\ \mt{ft^3}$. Determine las masas de líquido y vapor saturados.
   6. Una mezcla bifásica líquido vapor de cierta sustancia se encuentra a una presión de $150\ \mt{bar}$ y ocupa un volumen de $0{,}20\ \mt{m^3}$. Si las masas de líquido saturado y vapor saturado presente en la mezcla son $3{,}8\ \mt{kg}$ y $4{,}2\ \mt{kg}$, respectivamente, determine el volumen específico de la mezcla.

   ---

   Constantes, datos y factores de conversión

   • Aceleración de gravedad estándar
     $g=9{,}81\,\mt{m/s^2}= 32{,}2\,\mt{ft/s^2}$.
   • Presión atmosférica estándar
     $p_\text{atm}\equiv 1\,\mt{atm}\equiv 101\,325\,\mt{Pa}=2\,116{,}2\,\mt{lb/ft^2}=14{,}696\ \mt{psi}.$
   • Temperatura del cero absoluto
     $T_{0\,\mt K}\equiv 0\ \mt K\equiv 0\ \mt R\equiv -273{,}15^\circ\mt{C}\equiv -459{,}67^\circ\mt{F}.$
   • Constante Universal de los gases
     $R=8{,}314\ \mt{\frac{Pa\cdot m^3}{mol\cdot K}}=1\,545\ \mt{\frac{ft\cdot lb_f}{lbmol\cdot R}}$
   • Masa atómica del argón $\ce{Ar}$
     $M_{\ce{Ar}}=39{,}948\ \mt{g/mol}$.
   • Masa atómica del helio $\ce{He}$
     $M_{\ce{He}}=4{,}00\ \mt{g/mol}$.
   • Masa atómica del oxígeno $\ce{O}$
     $M_{_{\ce{O}}}=16{,}00\ \mt{g}$.
   • Masa molar promedio del aire
     $M_\text{aire}=28{,}97\ \mt{lb_m/lbmol}$.
   • Masa atómica del hidrógeno $\ce{H}$
     $M_{\ce{H}}=1{,}008\ \mt{g/mol}$.
   • Propiedades líquido-vapor saturado de refrigerante 134a

     $T_\text{sat}$	$p_\text{sat}$	$v_f$	$v_g$
     $^\circ\mt F$	$\mt{psi}$	$\mt{ft^3/lb_m}$	$\mt{ft^3/lb_m}$
     $15{,}37$	$30{,}0$	$0{,}012\,09$	$1{,}5492$

   • Propiedades líquido-vapor saturado de amoníaco

     $T_\text{sat}$	$p_\text{sat}$	$v_f$	$v_g$
     $^\circ\mt C$	$\mt{bar}$	$\mt{m^3/kg}$	$\mt{m^3/kg}$
     $20{,}0$	$8{,}5762$	$0{,}001\,6386$	$0{,}1492$

   • $1\,\mt{ft}\equiv 30{,}48\,\mt{cm}\equiv 12\,\mt{in}$.
   • $1\,\mt{lb_m}= 453{,}6\,\mt g$.
   • $1\,\mt{lb_f}\equiv 1\,\mt{lb_m}\times g=4{,}45\,\mt N$.
   • $1\,\mt{slug}\equiv 1\,\mt{\frac{lb_f}{ft/s^2}}= 32{,}2\,\mt{lb_m}$.
   • $1\ \mt{bar}\equiv 10^5\ \mt{Pa}=2\,088{,}5\ \mt{lb/ft^2}=14{,}504\ \mt{psi}$.

   ---

   Respuestas

   Gases

   1. 1. $n=423\ \mt{mol}$, $\bar v=1{,}18\times10^{-4}\ \mt{m^3/mol}$.
      2. $p=20{,}3\ \mt{MPa}$.
      3. $p=26{,}7\ \mt{MPa}$ , $Z=1{,}32$.
      4. $p=24{,}3\ \mt{MPa}$ , $Z=1{,}20$.

   Gases ideales

   1. 1. 884 globos.
      2. $m=8{,}33\ \mt{kg}$.
      3. $\bar v=4{,}80\times 10^{-5}\ \mt{m^3/mol}$.
   2. 1. $n_{_{\ce{O2}}}=28\ \mt{mol}$.
      2. $\bar v_{_{\ce{O2}}}=1{,}7\times 10^{-4}\ \mt{m^3/mol}=0{,}17\ \mt{m^3/kmol}$.
      3. $p_{_{0{,}0^\circ\mt{C}}}=14\ \mt{MPa}$.
      4. $p_{_{500^\circ\mt{C}}}=38\ \mt{MPa}$.
   3. 1. Isobárico a $p_\text{atm}$.
      2. $\Delta V=1{,}0\times10^2\ \mt{ft^3}$.
      3. $\Delta m=7{,}4\ \mt{lb}=2{,}3\times 10^{-1}\ \mt{slug}$.
   4. $V=3{,}67\ \mt{cm^3}$.
   5. 1. Diagrama $pT$

         

         Diagrama $T\bar v$

         

      2. Coordenadas termodinámicas

         Estado	$p$	$\bar v$	$T$
         	$\mt{MPa}$	$\mt{m^3/kmol}$	$\mt K$
         $a$	$1{,}00$	$2{,}50$	$301$
         $b$	$1{,}00$	$6{,}25$	$752$
         $c$	$0{,}400$	$6{,}25$	$301$
         $d$	$0{,}400$	$2{,}50$	$120$

      3. $V_a=10{,}0\ \mt{m^3}$.
      4. $m_{_{\ce{H2}}}=8{,}06\ \mt{kg}$.

   Titulación

   1. 1. Vapor sobrecalentado.
      2. Mezcla bifásica.
      3. Vapor sobrecalentado.
      4. Líquido comprimido.
      5. Sólido comprimido.
      6. Mezcla bifásica.
      7. Vapor sobrecalentado.
      8. Líquido comprimido.
      9. Vapor sobrecalentado.
      10. Sólido comprimido.
   2. 1. $X_{\ce{H_2O}}=0{,}744$.
      2. $X_\text{R134a}=0{,}70$.
   3. $X_{\ce{N_2}}=0{,}71$.
   4. 1. $m_{\ce{NH_3}}=128\ \mt{kg}$.
      2. $P=857{,}62\ \mt{kPa}$.
   5. $m_g=2{,}6\ \mt{lb_m}=0{,}082\ \mt{slug}$, $m_f=0{,}88\ \mt{lb_m}=0{,}027\ \mt{slug}$.
   6. $v=0{,}025\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{kg}}$.

   Propiedades del agua saturada

   Tabla de temperaturas SI del agua saturada

   $T\ ^\circ\mt{C}$	$p_\text{sat}\  \mt{kPa}$	$v_f\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{kg}}$	$v_g\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{kg}}$
   $0{,}01$	$0{,}6117$	$0{,}001\,000$	$206{,}00$
   $5$	$0{,}8725$	$0{,}001\,000$	$147{,}03$
   $10$	$1{,}2281$	$0{,}001\,000$	$106{,}32$
   $15$	$1{,}7057$	$0{,}001\,001$	$77{,}885$
   $20$	$2{,}3392$	$0{,}001\,002$	$57{,}762$
   $25$	$3{,}1698$	$0{,}001\,003$	$43{,}340$
   $30$	$4{,}2469$	$0{,}001\,004$	$32{,}879$
   $35$	$5{,}6291$	$0{,}001\,006$	$25{,}205$
   $40$	$7{,}3851$	$0{,}001\,008$	$19{,}515$
   $45$	$9{,}5953$	$0{,}001\,010$	$15{,}251$
   $50$	$12{,}352$	$0{,}001\,012$	$12{,}026$
   $55$	$15{,}763$	$0{,}001\,015$	$9{,}5639$
   $60$	$19{,}947$	$0{,}001\,017$	$7{,}6670$
   $65$	$25{,}043$	$0{,}001\,020$	$6{,}1935$
   $70$	$31{,}202$	$0{,}001\,023$	$5{,}0396$
   $75$	$38{,}597$	$0{,}001\,026$	$4{,}1291$
   $80$	$47{,}416$	$0{,}001\,029$	$3{,}4053$
   $85$	$57{,}868$	$0{,}001\,032$	$2{,}8261$
   $90$	$70{,}183$	$0{,}001\,036$	$2{,}3593$
   $95$	$84{,}609$	$0{,}001\,040$	$1{,}9808$
   $100$	$101{,}42$	$0{,}001\,043$	$1{,}6720$
   $105$	$120{,}90$	$0{,}001\,047$	$1{,}4186$
   $110$	$143{,}38$	$0{,}001\,052$	$1{,}2094$
   $115$	$169{,}18$	$0{,}001\,056$	$1{,}0360$
   $120$	$198{,}67$	$0{,}001\,060$	$0{,}891\,33$
   $125$	$232{,}23$	$0{,}001\,065$	$0{,}770\,12$
   $130$	$270{,}28$	$0{,}001\,070$	$0{,}668\,08$
   $135$	$313{,}22$	$0{,}001\,075$	$0{,}581\,79$
   $140$	$361{,}53$	$0{,}001\,080$	$0{,}508\,50$
   $145$	$415{,}68$	$0{,}001\,085$	$0{,}446\,00$
   $150$	$476{,}16$	$0{,}001\,091$	$0{,}392\,48$
   $155$	$543{,}49$	$0{,}001\,096$	$0{,}346\,48$
   $160$	$618{,}23$	$0{,}001\,102$	$0{,}306\,80$
   $165$	$700{,}93$	$0{,}001\,108$	$0{,}272\,44$
   $170$	$792{,}18$	$0{,}001\,114$	$0{,}242\,60$
   $175$	$892{,}60$	$0{,}001\,121$	$0{,}216\,59$
   $180$	$1002{,}8$	$0{,}001\,127$	$0{,}193\,84$
   $185$	$1123{,}5$	$0{,}001\,134$	$0{,}173\,90$
   $190$	$1255{,}2$	$0{,}001\,141$	$0{,}156\,36$
   $195$	$1398{,}8$	$0{,}001\,149$	$0{,}140\,89$
   $200$	$1554{,}9$	$0{,}001\,157$	$0{,}127\,21$
   $205$	$1724{,}3$	$0{,}001\,164$	$0{,}115\,08$
   $210$	$1907{,}7$	$0{,}001\,173$	$0{,}104\,29$
   $215$	$2105{,}9$	$0{,}001\,181$	$0{,}094\,680$
   $220$	$2319{,}6$	$0{,}001\,190$	$0{,}086\,094$
   $225$	$2549{,}7$	$0{,}001\,199$	$0{,}078\,405$
   $230$	$2797{,}1$	$0{,}001\,209$	$0{,}071\,505$
   $235$	$3062{,}6$	$0{,}001\,219$	$0{,}065\,300$
   $240$	$3347{,}0$	$0{,}001\,229$	$0{,}059\,707$
   $245$	$3651{,}2$	$0{,}001\,240$	$0{,}054\,656$
   $250$	$3976{,}2$	$0{,}001\,252$	$0{,}050\,085$
   $255$	$4322{,}9$	$0{,}001\,263$	$0{,}045\,941$
   $260$	$4692{,}3$	$0{,}001\,276$	$0{,}042\,175$
   $265$	$5085{,}3$	$0{,}001\,289$	$0{,}038\,748$
   $270$	$5503{,}0$	$0{,}001\,303$	$0{,}035\,622$
   $275$	$5946{,}4$	$0{,}001\,317$	$0{,}032\,767$
   $280$	$6416{,}6$	$0{,}001\,333$	$0{,}030\,153$
   $285$	$6914{,}6$	$0{,}001\,349$	$0{,}027\,756$
   $290$	$7441{,}8$	$0{,}001\,366$	$0{,}025\,554$
   $295$	$7999{,}0$	$0{,}001\,384$	$0{,}023\,528$
   $300$	$8587{,}9$	$0{,}001\,404$	$0{,}021\,659$
   $305$	$9209{,}4$	$0{,}001\,425$	$0{,}019\,932$
   $310$	$9865{,}0$	$0{,}001\,447$	$0{,}018\,333$
   $315$	$10\,556$	$0{,}001\,472$	$0{,}016\,849$
   $320$	$11\,284$	$0{,}001\,499$	$0{,}015\,470$
   $325$	$12\,051$	$0{,}001\,528$	$0{,}014\,183$
   $330$	$12\,858$	$0{,}001\,560$	$0{,}012\,979$
   $335$	$13\,707$	$0{,}001\,597$	$0{,}011\,848$
   $340$	$14\,601$	$0{,}001\,638$	$0{,}010\,783$
   $345$	$15\,541$	$0{,}001\,685$	$0{,}009\,772$
   $350$	$16\,529$	$0{,}001\,741$	$0{,}008\,806$
   $355$	$17\,570$	$0{,}001\,808$	$0{,}007\,872$
   $360$	$18\,666$	$0{,}001\,895$	$0{,}006\,950$
   $365$	$19\,822$	$0{,}002\,015$	$0{,}006\,009$
   $370$	$21\,044$	$0{,}002\,217$	$0{,}004\,953$
   $373{,}95$	$22\,064$	$0{,}003\,106$	$0{,}003\,106$

   Tabla de presiones SI del agua saturada

   $p\ \mt{kPa}$	$T_\text{sat}\  ^\circ\mt{C}$	$v_f\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{kg}}$	$v_g\ \mt{\frac{m^3}{kg}}$
   $1{,}0$	$6{,}97$	$0{,}001\,000$	$129{,}19$
   $1{,}5$	$13{,}02$	$0{,}001\,001$	$87{,}964$
   $2{,}0$	$17{,}50$	$0{,}001\,001$	$66{,}990$
   $2{,}5$	$21{,}08$	$0{,}001\,002$	$54{,}242$
   $3{,}0$	$24{,}08$	$0{,}001\,003$	$45{,}654$
   $4{,}0$	$28{,}96$	$0{,}001\,004$	$34{,}791$
   $5{,}0$	$32{,}87$	$0{,}001\,005$	$28{,}185$
   $7{,}5$	$40{,}29$	$0{,}001\,008$	$19{,}233$
   $10$	$45{,}81$	$0{,}001\,010$	$14{,}670$
   $15$	$53{,}97$	$0{,}001\,014$	$10{,}020$
   $20$	$60{,}06$	$0{,}001\,017$	$7{,}6481$
   $25$	$64{,}96$	$0{,}001\,020$	$6{,}2034$
   $30$	$69{,}09$	$0{,}001\,022$	$5{,}2287$
   $40$	$75{,}86$	$0{,}001\,026$	$3{,}9933$
   $50$	$81{,}32$	$0{,}001\,030$	$3{,}2403$
   $75$	$91{,}76$	$0{,}001\,037$	$2{,}2172$
   $100$	$99{,}61$	$0{,}001\,043$	$1{,}6941$
   $101{,}325$	$99{,}97$	$0{,}001\,043$	$1{,}6734$
   $125$	$105{,}97$	$0{,}001\,048$	$1{,}3750$
   $150$	$111{,}35$	$0{,}001\,053$	$1{,}1594$
   $175$	$116{,}04$	$0{,}001\,057$	$1{,}0037$
   $200$	$120{,}21$	$0{,}001\,061$	$0{,}885\,78$
   $225$	$123{,}97$	$0{,}001\,064$	$0{,}793\,29$
   $250$	$127{,}41$	$0{,}001\,067$	$0{,}718\,73$
   $275$	$130{,}58$	$0{,}001\,070$	$0{,}657\,32$
   $300$	$133{,}52$	$0{,}001\,073$	$0{,}605\,82$
   $325$	$136{,}27$	$0{,}001\,076$	$0{,}561\,99$
   $350$	$138{,}86$	$0{,}001\,079$	$0{,}524\,22$
   $375$	$141{,}30$	$0{,}001\,081$	$0{,}491\,33$
   $400$	$143{,}61$	$0{,}001\,084$	$0{,}462\,42$
   $450$	$147{,}90$	$0{,}001\,088$	$0{,}413\,92$
   $500$	$151{,}83$	$0{,}001\,093$	$0{,}374\,83$
   $550$	$155{,}46$	$0{,}001\,097$	$0{,}342\,61$
   $600$	$158{,}83$	$0{,}001\,101$	$0{,}315\,60$
   $650$	$161{,}98$	$0{,}001\,104$	$0{,}292\,60$
   $700$	$164{,}95$	$0{,}001\,108$	$0{,}272\,78$
   $750$	$167{,}75$	$0{,}001\,111$	$0{,}255\,52$
   $800$	$170{,}41$	$0{,}001\,115$	$0{,}240\,35$
   $850$	$172{,}94$	$0{,}001\,118$	$0{,}226\,90$
   $900$	$175{,}35$	$0{,}001\,121$	$0{,}214\,89$
   $950$	$177{,}66$	$0{,}001\,124$	$0{,}204\,11$
   $1\,000$	$179{,}88$	$0{,}001\,127$	$0{,}194\,36$
   $1\,100$	$184{,}06$	$0{,}001\,133$	$0{,}177\,45$
   $1\,200$	$187{,}96$	$0{,}001\,138$	$0{,}163\,26$
   $1\,300$	$191{,}60$	$0{,}001\,144$	$0{,}151\,19$
   $1\,400$	$195{,}04$	$0{,}001\,149$	$0{,}140\,78$
   $1\,500$	$198{,}29$	$0{,}001\,154$	$0{,}131\,71$
   $1\,750$	$205{,}72$	$0{,}001\,166$	$0{,}113\,44$
   $2\,000$	$212{,}38$	$0{,}001\,177$	$0{,}099\,587$
   $2\,250$	$218{,}41$	$0{,}001\,187$	$0{,}088\,717$
   $2\,500$	$223{,}95$	$0{,}001\,197$	$0{,}079\,952$
   $3\,000$	$233{,}85$	$0{,}001\,217$	$0{,}066\,667$
   $3\,500$	$242{,}56$	$0{,}001\,235$	$0{,}057\,061$
   $4\,000$	$250{,}35$	$0{,}001\,252$	$0{,}049\,779$
   $5\,000$	$263{,}94$	$0{,}001\,286$	$0{,}039\,448$
   $6\,000$	$275{,}59$	$0{,}001\,319$	$0{,}032\,449$
   $7\,000$	$285{,}83$	$0{,}001\,352$	$0{,}027\,378$
   $8\,000$	$295{,}01$	$0{,}001\,384$	$0{,}023\,525$
   $9\,000$	$303{,}35$	$0{,}001\,418$	$0{,}020\,489$
   $10\,000$	$311{,}00$	$0{,}001\,452$	$0{,}018\,028$
   $11\,000$	$318{,}08$	$0{,}001\,488$	$0{,}015\,988$
   $12\,000$	$324{,}68$	$0{,}001\,526$	$0{,}014\,264$
   $13\,000$	$330{,}85$	$0{,}001\,566$	$0{,}012\,781$
   $14\,000$	$336{,}67$	$0{,}001\,610$	$0{,}011\,487$
   $15\,000$	$342{,}16$	$0{,}001\,657$	$0{,}010\,341$
   $16\,000$	$347{,}36$	$0{,}001\,710$	$0{,}009\,312$
   $17\,000$	$352{,}29$	$0{,}001\,770$	$0{,}008\,374$
   $18\,000$	$356{,}99$	$0{,}001\,840$	$0{,}007\,504$
   $19\,000$	$361{,}47$	$0{,}001\,926$	$0{,}006\,677$
   $20\,000$	$365{,}75$	$0{,}002\,038$	$0{,}005\,862$
   $21\,000$	$369{,}83$	$0{,}002\,207$	$0{,}004\,994$
   $22\,000$	$373{,}71$	$0{,}002\,703$	$0{,}003\,644$
   $22\,064$	$373{,}95$	$0{,}003\,106$	$0{,}003\,106$

   Tabla de temperaturas USCS del agua saturada

   $T\ ^\circ\mt{F}$	$p_\text{sat}\  \mt{psia}$	$v_f\ \mt{\frac{ft^3}{lb_m}}$	$v_g\ \mt{\frac{ft^3}{lb_m}}$
   $32{,}018$	$0{,}088\,71$	$0{,}016\,02$	$3\,299{,}9$
   $35$	$0{,}099\,98$	$0{,}016\,02$	$2\,945{,}7$
   $40$	$0{,}121\,73$	$0{,}016\,02$	$2\,443{,}6$
   $45$	$0{,}147\,56$	$0{,}016\,02$	$2\,035{,}8$
   $50$	$0{,}178\,12$	$0{,}016\,02$	$1\,703{,}1$
   $55$	$0{,}214\,13$	$0{,}016\,03$	$1\,430{,}4$
   $60$	$0{,}256\,38$	$0{,}016\,04$	$1\,206{,}1$
   $65$	$0{,}305\,78$	$0{,}016\,04$	$1\,020{,}8$
   $70$	$0{,}363\,34$	$0{,}016\,05$	$867{,}18$
   $75$	$0{,}430\,16$	$0{,}016\,06$	$739{,}27$
   $80$	$0{,}507\,45$	$0{,}016\,07$	$632{,}41$
   $85$	$0{,}596\,59$	$0{,}016\,09$	$542{,}80$
   $90$	$0{,}699\,04$	$0{,}016\,10$	$467{,}40$
   $95$	$0{,}816\,43$	$0{,}016\,12$	$403{,}74$
   $100$	$0{,}950\,52$	$0{,}016\,13$	$349{,}83$
   $110$	$1{,}2767$	$0{,}016\,17$	$264{,}96$
   $120$	$1{,}6951$	$0{,}016\,20$	$202{,}94$
   $130$	$2{,}2260$	$0{,}016\,25$	$157{,}09$
   $140$	$2{,}8931$	$0{,}016\,29$	$122{,}81$
   $150$	$3{,}7234$	$0{,}016\,34$	$96{,}929$
   $160$	$4{,}7474$	$0{,}016\,39$	$77{,}185$
   $170$	$5{,}9999$	$0{,}016\,45$	$61{,}982$
   $180$	$7{,}5197$	$0{,}016\,51$	$50{,}172$
   $190$	$9{,}3497$	$0{,}016\,57$	$40{,}920$
   $200$	$11{,}538$	$0{,}016\,63$	$33{,}613$
   $210$	$14{,}136$	$0{,}016\,70$	$27{,}798$
   $212$	$14{,}709$	$0{,}016\,71$	$26{,}782$
   $220$	$17{,}201$	$0{,}016\,77$	$23{,}136$
   $230$	$20{,}795$	$0{,}016\,84$	$19{,}374$
   $240$	$24{,}985$	$0{,}016\,92$	$16{,}316$
   $250$	$29{,}844$	$0{,}017\,00$	$13{,}816$
   $260$	$35{,}447$	$0{,}017\,08$	$11{,}760$
   $270$	$41{,}877$	$0{,}017\,17$	$10{,}059$
   $280$	$49{,}222$	$0{,}017\,26$	$8{,}6439$
   $290$	$57{,}573$	$0{,}017\,35$	$7{,}4607$
   $300$	$67{,}028$	$0{,}017\,45$	$6{,}4663$
   $310$	$77{,}691$	$0{,}017\,55$	$5{,}6266$
   $320$	$89{,}667$	$0{,}017\,65$	$4{,}9144$
   $330$	$103{,}07$	$0{,}017\,76$	$4{,}3076$
   $340$	$118{,}02$	$0{,}017\,87$	$3{,}7885$
   $350$	$134{,}63$	$0{,}017\,99$	$3{,}3425$
   $360$	$153{,}03$	$0{,}018\,11$	$2{,}9580$
   $370$	$173{,}36$	$0{,}018\,23$	$2{,}6252$
   $380$	$195{,}74$	$0{,}018\,36$	$2{,}3361$
   $390$	$220{,}33$	$0{,}018\,50$	$2{,}0842$
   $400$	$247{,}26$	$0{,}018\,64$	$1{,}8639$
   $410$	$276{,}69$	$0{,}018\,78$	$1{,}6706$
   $420$	$308{,}76$	$0{,}018\,94$	$1{,}5006$
   $430$	$343{,}64$	$0{,}019\,10$	$1{,}3505$
   $440$	$381{,}49$	$0{,}019\,26$	$1{,}2178$
   $450$	$422{,}47$	$0{,}019\,44$	$1{,}0999$
   $460$	$466{,}75$	$0{,}019\,62$	$0{,}995\,10$
   $470$	$514{,}52$	$0{,}019\,81$	$0{,}901\,58$
   $480$	$565{,}96$	$0{,}020\,01$	$0{,}817\,94$
   $490$	$621{,}24$	$0{,}020\,22$	$0{,}742\,96$
   $500$	$680{,}56$	$0{,}020\,44$	$0{,}675\,58$
   $510$	$744{,}11$	$0{,}020\,67$	$0{,}614\,89$
   $520$	$812{,}11$	$0{,}020\,92$	$0{,}560\,09$
   $530$	$884{,}74$	$0{,}021\,18$	$0{,}510\,51$
   $540$	$962{,}24$	$0{,}021\,46$	$0{,}465\,53$
   $550$	$1\,044{,}8$	$0{,}021\,76$	$0{,}424\,65$
   $560$	$1\,132{,}7$	$0{,}022\,07$	$0{,}387\,40$
   $570$	$1\,226{,}2$	$0{,}022\,42$	$0{,}353\,39$
   $580$	$1\,325{,}5$	$0{,}022\,79$	$0{,}322\,25$
   $590$	$1\,430{,}8$	$0{,}023\,19$	$0{,}293\,67$
   $600$	$1\,542{,}5$	$0{,}023\,62$	$0{,}267\,37$
   $610$	$1\,660{,}9$	$0{,}024\,11$	$0{,}243\,09$
   $620$	$1\,786{,}2$	$0{,}024\,64$	$0{,}220\,61$
   $630$	$1\,918{,}9$	$0{,}025\,24$	$0{,}199\,72$
   $640$	$2\,059{,}3$	$0{,}025\,93$	$0{,}180\,19$
   $650$	$2\,207{,}8$	$0{,}026\,73$	$0{,}161\,84$
   $660$	$2\,364{,}9$	$0{,}027\,67$	$0{,}144\,44$
   $670$	$2\,531{,}2$	$0{,}028\,84$	$0{,}127\,74$
   $680$	$2\,707{,}3$	$0{,}030\,35$	$0{,}111\,34$
   $690$	$2\,894{,}1$	$0{,}032\,55$	$0{,}094\,51$
   $700$	$3\,093{,}0$	$0{,}036\,70$	$0{,}074\,82$
   $705{,}1$	$3\,200{,}1$	$0{,}049\,75$	$0{,}049\,75$

   Tabla de presiones USCS del agua saturada

   $p\ \mt{psi}$	$T_\text{sat}\  ^\circ\mt{F}$	$v_f\ \mt{\frac{ft^3}{lb_m}}$	$v_g\ \mt{\frac{ft^3}{lb_m}}$
   $1$	$101{,}69$	$0{,}016\,14$	$333{,}49$
   $2$	$126{,}02$	$0{,}016\,23$	$173{,}71$
   $3$	$141{,}41$	$0{,}016\,30$	$118{,}70$
   $4$	$152{,}91$	$0{,}016\,36$	$90{,}629$
   $5$	$162{,}18$	$0{,}016\,41$	$73{,}525$
   $6$	$170{,}00$	$0{,}016\,45$	$61{,}982$
   $8$	$182{,}81$	$0{,}016\,52$	$47{,}347$
   $10$	$193{,}16$	$0{,}016\,59$	$38{,}425$
   $14{,}696$	$211{,}95$	$0{,}016\,71$	$26{,}805$
   $15$	$212{,}99$	$0{,}016\,72$	$26{,}297$
   $20$	$227{,}92$	$0{,}016\,83$	$20{,}093$
   $25$	$240{,}03$	$0{,}016\,92$	$16{,}307$
   $30$	$250{,}30$	$0{,}017\,00$	$13{,}749$
   $35$	$259{,}25$	$0{,}017\,08$	$11{,}901$
   $40$	$267{,}22$	$0{,}017\,15$	$10{,}501$
   $45$	$274{,}41$	$0{,}017\,21$	$9{,}4028$
   $50$	$280{,}99$	$0{,}017\,27$	$8{,}5175$
   $55$	$287{,}05$	$0{,}017\,32$	$7{,}7882$
   $60$	$292{,}69$	$0{,}017\,38$	$7{,}1766$
   $65$	$297{,}95$	$0{,}017\,43$	$6{,}6560$
   $70$	$302{,}91$	$0{,}017\,48$	$6{,}2075$
   $75$	$307{,}59$	$0{,}017\,52$	$5{,}8167$
   $80$	$312{,}02$	$0{,}017\,57$	$5{,}4733$
   $85$	$316{,}24$	$0{,}017\,61$	$5{,}1689$
   $90$	$320{,}26$	$0{,}017\,65$	$4{,}8972$
   $95$	$324{,}11$	$0{,}017\,70$	$4{,}6532$
   $100$	$327{,}81$	$0{,}017\,74$	$4{,}4327$
   $110$	$334{,}77$	$0{,}017\,81$	$4{,}0410$
   $120$	$341{,}25$	$0{,}017\,89$	$3{,}7289$
   $130$	$347{,}32$	$0{,}017\,96$	$3{,}4557$
   $140$	$353{,}03$	$0{,}018\,02$	$3{,}2202$
   $150$	$358{,}42$	$0{,}018\,09$	$3{,}0150$
   $160$	$363{,}54$	$0{,}018\,15$	$2{,}8347$
   $170$	$368{,}41$	$0{,}018\,21$	$2{,}6749$
   $180$	$373{,}07$	$0{,}018\,27$	$2{,}5322$
   $190$	$377{,}52$	$0{,}018\,33$	$2{,}4040$
   $200$	$381{,}80$	$0{,}018\,39$	$2{,}2882$
   $250$	$400{,}97$	$0{,}018\,65$	$1{,}8440$
   $300$	$417{,}35$	$0{,}018\,90$	$1{,}5435$
   $350$	$431{,}74$	$0{,}019\,12$	$1{,}3263$
   $400$	$444{,}62$	$0{,}019\,34$	$1{,}1617$
   $450$	$456{,}31$	$0{,}019\,55$	$1{,}0324$
   $500$	$467{,}04$	$0{,}019\,75$	$0{,}928\,19$
   $550$	$476{,}97$	$0{,}019\,95$	$0{,}842\,28$
   $600$	$486{,}24$	$0{,}020\,14$	$0{,}770\,20$
   $700$	$503{,}13$	$0{,}020\,51$	$0{,}655\,89$
   $800$	$518{,}27$	$0{,}020\,87$	$0{,}569\,20$
   $900$	$532{,}02$	$0{,}021\,24$	$0{,}501\,07$
   $1\,000$	$544{,}65$	$0{,}021\,59$	$0{,}446\,04$
   $1\,200$	$567{,}26$	$0{,}022\,32$	$0{,}362\,41$
   $1\,400$	$587{,}14$	$0{,}023\,07$	$0{,}301\,61$
   $1\,600$	$604{,}93$	$0{,}023\,86$	$0{,}255\,16$
   $1\,800$	$621{,}07$	$0{,}024\,70$	$0{,}218\,31$
   $2\,000$	$635{,}85$	$0{,}025\,63$	$0{,}188\,15$
   $2\,500$	$668{,}17$	$0{,}028\,60$	$0{,}130\,76$
   $3\,000$	$695{,}41$	$0{,}034\,33$	$0{,}084\,60$
   $3\,200{,}1$	$705{,}10$	$0{,}049\,75$	$0{,}049\,75$